The Niqab and its obligation in the Hanafi madhhab

April 28, 2009
An original Deoband.org article
By Mufti Husain Kadodia

ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, Most Merciful.

Our discussion will entail the following:

1. Introduction

2. The juristic definition of shahwah (desire)

3. The Hanafi stance

3.1 Types of gazes and their respective rulings

3.1.1 A gaze accompanied with conviction of no possibility of attraction
3.1.2 A gaze accompanied with doubt of attraction
3.1.3 A gaze accompanied with strong possibility or certainty of attraction

3.2 The obligation of covering the face

4. Conclusion

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1. Introduction

It is with great sadness that we note confusion in the minds of many students and even some scholars concerning the obligation of the niqab (veil) in the Hanafi madhhab, which expressly classifies covering the face as binding on women and forbids the exposure of the face in the presence of ghayr mahrams (strangers). While there have been dozens of works penned on this issue, we wish to focus on the Hanafi stance due to the abuse it is being subjected to. We ask Allah Most High to grant us the tawfiq (ability) to explain the issue in a manner pleasing to Him. Amin.

2. The juristic definition of shahwah (desire)

Before commencing the discussion, it would be imperative to understand the definition of shahwah in the context of looking at a female.

Hanafi jurists differ concerning its definition in the context of hurmat al-musaharah.[1] Some define it as “an inclination and attraction of the heart”, while others stipulate that it must be accompanied by the stirring of the male organ.

It must, however, be noted that this difference is only applicable in the context of hurmat al-musaharah and is not applicable in the context under discussion.

The jurists have clearly stated that the shahwah in the context of gazing at a member of the opposite sex is “an attraction and inclination”; this is regardless of whether the gazing is accompanied with the stirring of the male organ or not.

Al-Quhustani,[2] Al-Tahtawi,[3] Al-Nablusi,[4] ‘Abid al-Sindhi[5] and Ibn ‘Abidin[6] are among those who have expressly clarified this.

3. The Hanafi stance

Before discussing the stance of the madhhab, it should be borne in mind that the madhhab has tackled this issue from both the man’s perspective as well as that of the woman.

The male perspective is discussed under the rulings of the gaze, while the female perspective is discussed under the issue of covering the face.

We will now discuss each of them separately:

3.1. Types of gazes and their respective rulings

A male’s gaze towards a strange female’s face or hands would fall under one of the following three categories:

3.1.1. A gaze accompanied with conviction of no possibility of attraction

This is the case mentioned in most texts and which has been misunderstood by many. The ruling of the imam’s of the madhhab is clear in that this gaze would be permissible.[7]

However, this has been clearly conditioned with absolute conviction of no possibility of shahwah appearing in the heart towards her.[8]

The early jurists of the madhhab, who lived just after the imams, knew that this scenario was only possible in bygone times when purity and chastity were dominant,[9] and, so, expecting a young man’s gaze at a young woman to be completely free of desire is unfathomable in these times. They thus classified such a gaze to be makruh tahrimi (highly disliked and close to forbidden).[10]

From amongst the luminaries who mentioned this ruling are: Abu ‘l-Layth al-Samarqandi (d.373 AH),[11] Al-Quduri (d. 428 AH),[12] Al-Walwaliji (d. 540 AH),[13] Siraj al-Din al-Awshi (d. 575 AH),[14] Al-Sunnami (d. after 700 AH),[15] ‘Alim ibn al-’Ala (d. 786 AH),[16] Al-Quhustani (d. 950 AH),[17] Al-Birgivi (d. 981 AH),[18] the authors of Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyyah (completed in 1085 AH),[19] Al-Haskafi (d. 1088 AH),[20] Al-Khadimi (d. 1176 AH),[21] Al-Tahtawi (d. 1231 AH),[22] Ibn ‘Abidin (d. 1252 AH),[23] ‘Abid al-Sindhi (d. 1257 AH)[24] and Al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH).[25]

Also worthy of note is that this ruling has been recorded from none other than the great imam and mujtahid of the madhhab, Imam Abu Yusuf al-Qadi.[26] This ruling is not applicable to old women who have passed the age of being desired, as they have been clearly exempted from these rulings.[27]

Thus, the authoritative position of the madhhab is that while looking at the face of a strange female is not completely forbidden when there exists conviction of no desire at all towards her, it would still be makruh tahrimi.

3.1.2. A gaze accompanied with doubt of attraction

This type of gaze has been classified as haram (forbidden).[28]

3.1.3. A gaze accompanied with strong possibility or certainty of attraction

This gaze is also been forbidden, just as the one before it.[29]

3.2. The obligation of covering the face

While the madhhab has not completely forbidden a male’s gaze towards a female’s face when there exists absolutely no fear of attraction, the woman has no way of knowing whether the gazes directed towards her are free of desire or not, especially when out in public. The Hanafi madhhab has, in accordance with the Qur’an and Sunnah, thus obliged a woman to cover her face in front of strangers.[30]

This ruling is indicated to by Imam Muhammad in his Al-Asl,[31] which forms the basis of the Zahir al-Riwayah of the madhhab. This is the authoritative position of the Hanafi School, as adopted by major Hanafi legal masters over the centuries, such as: Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH),[32] Hakim al-Shahid (d. 334 AH),[33] Jassas al-Razi (d. 370 AH),[34] Al-Natifi (d. 446 AH),[35] Qadi Khan (d. 592 AH),[36] Al-Marghinani — author of Al-Hidayah (d. 593 AH),[37] Al-Kirmani (d. 600 AH approx.),[38] Mahmud Al-Bukhari — author of al-Muhit (d. 616 AH),[39] Al-Sunnami (d. after 700 AH),[40] Al-Sighnaqi (d. 714 AH),[41] Al-Qurashi (d. 854 AH),[42] Ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH),[43] Al-Quhustani (d. 950 AH),[44] Ibn Nujaym (d. 970 AH),[45] Sinan al-Khalwati (d. 989 AH),[46] Umar ibn Nujaym (d. 1005 AH),[47] Mulla ‘Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH),[48] Al-Shurunbulali (d. 1069 AH),[49] Shaykh Zada (d. 1078 AH),[50] ‘Abd al-Halim (d. 1088 AH),[51] Al-Haskafi (d. 1088 AH),[52] Al-Tahtawi (d. 1231 AH),[53] Ibn ‘Abidin (d. 1252 AH),[54] ‘Abid al-Sindhi (d. 1257 AH),[55] ‘Abd al-Hay al-Laknawi (d. 1304 AH),[56] Al-Sawati (d. 1346 AH),[57] Al-Nahlawi (d. 1350 AH).[58]

4. Conclusion

We can thus conclude that it is obligatory on a man to lower his gaze from the face of strange women under all circumstances, just as it is binding on a woman to cover her face in the presence of strange men.

Allah Most High knows best.

Husain Kadodia
14 Ramadan 1429 / 14 September 2008
Durban, South Africa

ู‚ุงู„ ุฅู…ุงู… ุงู„ุญุฑู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠู†ูŠ (ุช 478 ู‡ู€): ุงุชูู‚ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุณุงูุฑุงุช ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡

Imam al-Haramayn (d. 478 AH) said:
“There exists consensus of the Muslims on preventing women from emerging with their faces uncovered.”

(Mughni l-Muhtaj 4/203, Tuhfat al-Muhtaj 7/193)

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  1. A specific marital prohibition due to unlawful contact between a male and a female. [↩]

  2. ุฌุงู…ุน ุงู„ุฑู…ูˆุฒ 2/305 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซูˆุดูุฑุท ู„ุญู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ู† ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ูŠู‚ูŠู† ุนู† ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ุฃูŠ ู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณ ู„ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ู„ู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุธุฑยป.

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  3. ุญุงุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทู‡ุทุงูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฑ 1/191 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซู‚ูˆู„ู‡: (ุจุดู‡ูˆุฉ) ู„ู… ุฃุฑ ุชูุณูŠุฑู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุตุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠู…ู† ูŠู†ุชุดุฑ ุจุงู„ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ุฃูˆ ุฒูŠุงุฏุชู‡ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุงุŒ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ูˆุงู„ูุงู†ูŠ ุจู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ.ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชููŠุฏู‡ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ู…ุณูƒูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุธุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ู…ุทู„ู‚ุงุŒ ูˆู„ุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุณุจ ู‡ู†ุงยป.

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  4. ุฃู†ุธุฑ ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 1 / ุต 406. [↩]

  5. ุฃู†ุธุฑ ุทูˆุงู„ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุฑ 1/ู‚527/ุฃ ุงู„ุฃุฒู‡ุฑ

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  6. ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 1 / ุต 406 ูˆู†ุตู‡ – ุจุนุฏ ุฐูƒุฑ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุทู‡ุทุงูˆูŠ: ยซู‚ู„ุช: ูŠุคูŠุฏู‡ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุจุฑ ููŠ ุจูŠุงู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู„ุณูŠุฏูŠ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠ: ุจูŠุงู† ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู†ุงุท ุงู„ุญุฑู…ุฉ ุฃู† ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆูŠู…ูŠู„ ุจุทุจุนู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ุฐุฉุŒ ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุงู†ุชุดุฑุช ุขู„ุชู‡ ุฅู† ูƒุซุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงู†ุŒ ูˆุนุฏู… ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจู…ู†ุฒู„ุฉ ู…ู† ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุจู†ู‡ ุงู„ุตุจูŠุญ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ูˆุงุจู†ุชู‡ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุงุก ุง ู‡ู€ยป.

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  7. ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ู„ู„ุดูŠุจุงู†ูŠ 3/49 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ู†ูƒุงุญ ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุญุฑู…ุฉุŒ ู…ู…ู† ูŠุญู„ ู„ู‡ ู†ูƒุงุญู‡ุงุŒ ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ูƒุดูˆูุง ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ูˆุงู„ูƒูุ› ูˆู„ุง ุจุฃุณ ุจุฃู† ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ูƒูู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุบูŠุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง… ูˆู„ุง ุจุฃุณ ุจุฃู† ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูˆูƒูู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุดุชู‡ุงุก ู…ู†ู‡ ู„ู‡ุงยป.

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  8. ู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุณุฑุฎุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุจุณูˆุท 10/153:ยซ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ุดู‡ูˆุฉุ› ูุงู† ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅู† ู†ุธุฑ ุงุดุชู‡ูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุญู„ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง… ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฑุฃูŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅู† ู†ุธุฑ ุงุดุชู‡ูŠุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠ ููŠู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠูˆู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ ูƒุงู„ูŠู‚ูŠู†ยป.

    ูˆุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท 8/25 ุฃูˆุถุญ ู…ู†ู‡ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ู‚ุงู„ ููŠ ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠ:ยซูˆู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ููŠู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุชุนู„ู… ู‚ุทุนุง ูˆูŠู‚ูŠู†ุงู‹ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ูˆ ู†ุธุฑุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุน ููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ุง ุดู‡ูˆุฉยป. ูˆู…ุซู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูุชุงูˆู‰ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠุฉ 5/327.

    ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู‡ุณุชุงู†ูŠ 2/305 :ยซูˆุดูุฑุท ู„ุญู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ู†ู ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ูŠู‚ูŠู† ุนู† ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ุฃูŠ ู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ู†ู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณ ู„ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ู„ู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ.ยป ูˆู…ุซู„ู‡ ููŠ ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 6/325.

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  9. ู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุซุฑูŠ ููŠ ุญุฌุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ุฉ ุต11:ยซูˆุฃูŠู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ู…ู‡ุฐู‘ุจุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฃู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุณุงูุฑุฉุŸยป.

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  10. ุฃุทู„ู‚ูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุฑุงู‡ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู… ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฅุฐุง ุฃุทู„ู‚ุช ููŠ ูƒุชุจ ุฃุตุญุงุจู†ุง ูŠุฑุงุฏ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠู…ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 6/327 ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡.

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  11. ุนูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุต189 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุญุฑุงู…ุงู‹ ุŒ ูˆุฃูƒุฑู‡ ุจู‡ ุฐู„ูƒยป.

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  12. ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ููŠ ุดุฑุญู‡ ู„ู…ุฎุชุตุฑ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฎูŠุŒ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูุชุงูˆู‰ ุงู„ุชุชุงุฑุฎุงู†ูŠุฉ 7/ู‚19/ุจ (ู…ู†ูŠุณุฉ 788) ูˆู†ุตุงุจ ุงู„ุงุญุชุณุงุจ 1/132 ูˆ ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 1/406.

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  13. ุงู„ูุชุงูˆู‰ ุงู„ูˆู„ูˆุงู„ุฌูŠุฉ 2/197 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญุฑุงู… ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู† ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ู„ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒยป.

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  14. ุงู„ูุชุงูˆู‰ ุงู„ุณุฑุงุฌูŠุฉ ุต73 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุนู† ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ยป.

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  15. ู†ุตุงุจ ุงู„ุงุญุชุณุงุจ 1/132 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซูˆููŠ ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฎูŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญุฑุงู… ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ุจุบูŠุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุคู…ู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉยป.

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  16. ุงู„ูุชุงูˆู‰ ุงู„ุชุชุงุฑุฎุงู†ูŠุฉ 7/ู‚19/ุจ (ู…ู†ูŠุณุฉ 788) ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ูˆููŠ ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฎูŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญุฑุงู… ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ุจุบูŠุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉยป ูˆู†ู‚ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุจุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ 4/64 ูˆ ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 1/406.

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  17. ุฌุงู…ุน ุงู„ุฑู…ูˆุฒ 2/305 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ูˆููŠู‡ ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุฃูŠู…ุงู† ุงู„ูˆู„ูˆุงู„ุฌูŠยป.

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  18. ุจุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ ููŠ ุดุฑุญ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุญู…ุฏูŠุฉ 4/64 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูˆูƒููŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ยป.

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  19. ุงู„ูุชุงูˆู‰ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠุฉ 5/329 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุนู† ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ ุŒ ูƒุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณุฑุงุฌูŠุฉ ยป.

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  20. ุงู„ุฏุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑ 6 /370 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูุญู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู…ู‚ูŠุฏ ุจุนุฏู… ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ูˆุฅู„ุง ูุญุฑุงู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ูู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ.ู‚ู‡ุณุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ยป.

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  21. ุจุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ 4/64 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆููŠ ุงู„ุชุชุงุฑุฎุงู†ูŠุฉ ู†ุธุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู† ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ุจุบูŠุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ยป.

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  22. ุญุงุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทู‡ุทุงูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฑ 4/185 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ( ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ูˆุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ูู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ) ุฃูŠ ูู…ู†ุน ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ูˆู„ูˆ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุดู‡ูˆุฉยป.

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  23. ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 1/407 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ู‚ุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุชุงุฑุฎุงู†ูŠุฉ: ูˆููŠ ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฎูŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญุฑุงู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ู„ุบูŠุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉยปุ›
    ูˆ6/370 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ( ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ูˆุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ูู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ) ู„ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนูˆุฑุฉ ุจู„ ู„ุฎูˆู ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉยป

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  24. ุทูˆุงู„ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุฑ 14/ู‚594/ุฃ ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ (ูˆุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ูู…ู†ุน) ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ (ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ) ูˆู„ูˆ ุจู„ุง ุดู‡ูˆุฉยป.

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  25. ุงู„ู„ุจุงุจ ููŠ ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุต 702 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซู‚ุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑ: ูุญู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู…ู‚ูŠุฏ ุจุนุฏู… ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉุŒ ูˆุฅู„ุง ูุญุฑุงู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ูู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉุŒ ู‚ู‡ุณุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ ุงู‡ู€ยป.

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  26. ุนูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุต189 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุฃุจูˆ ูŠูˆุณู ููŠ ุฑุฌู„ ุญู„ู ุจุงู„ุทู„ุงู‚ ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฑุงู… ูู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู‚ุงู„ ู„ุง ุชุทู„ู‚ ุงู…ุฑุฃุชู‡ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุญุฑุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุฃูƒุฑู‡ ุจู‡ ุฐู„ูƒยป.

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  27. ุฃู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ู„ู„ุดูŠุจุงู†ูŠ 3/51 ูˆุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 1/406 ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ู…ุง.

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  28. ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆู‚ ุดุฑุญ ูƒู†ุฒ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ 1/284 (ุท.ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ 1/470) ูˆุญุงุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดู„ุจูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุจูŠูŠู† 1/96 ูˆูุชุญ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุฑ 1/226 ูˆุญุงุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทู‡ุทุงูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ูŠ1/331 ูˆุงู„ุฏุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑ 1/407 (ู…ุน ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ) ูˆู†ุตู‡ู…:ยซ ูˆู„ุฐุง ุญุฑู… ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูˆูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุฏ ุฅุฐุง ุดูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉยปุ›
    ูˆููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุญู…ุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุจุฑูƒูˆูŠ 4/63 (ู…ุน ุจุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ):ยซูุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุจุดู‡ูˆุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุดูƒ ููŠู‡ุง ููŠุญุฑู… ู…ุทู„ู‚ุงู‹ยปุ›
    ูˆููŠ ุชุจูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ 6/17: ยซ ูˆุงู„ุฃุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉุŒ ู„ู…ุง ุฑูˆูŠู†ุง ุฅู„ุง ู„ู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุชูŠู‚ู† ุจุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ุฃูˆ ุดูƒ ููŠู‡ยป
    ูˆููŠ ุชุญูุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆูƒ ุต230:ยซูุฅู† ุฎุงู ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ู„ู… ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฅู„ุง ู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ูˆูƒุฐุง ู„ูˆ ุดูƒยป
    ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู‡ุฏุงูŠุฉ 8/460 (ู…ุน ูุชุญ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุฑ):ยซ ูˆู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ยซู„ุง ูŠุฃู…ู†ยป ูŠุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุจุงุญ ุฅุฐุง ุดูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุดุชู‡ุงุก ูƒู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ุนู„ู… ุฃูˆ ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฑุฃูŠู‡ ุฐู„ูƒยป
    ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุจุงุจ ุต703:ยซูˆุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠุฃู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูˆ ุดูƒ ู„ู… ูŠุญู„ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณ ูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชุจู‰ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ยป.

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  29. ุงู„ูุชุงูˆู‰ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠุฉ 5/329: ยซูˆุฅู† ุบู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุธู†ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุดุชู‡ูŠ ูู‡ูˆ ุญุฑุงู…ุŒ ูƒุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ูŠู†ุงุจูŠุนยป ูˆุงู„ู†ุตูˆุต ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ูˆู‚ุฏ ู…ุฑู‘ุช ุจุนุถู‡ุง.

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  30. ู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุซุฑูŠ ููŠ ุญุฌุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ุฉ ุต12:ยซูˆุนุฏู… ุฎูˆู ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุนู„ู… ููŠ ู†ุงุธุฑ ุฎุงุตุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ุงู‡ูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุจุฒุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุณุงูุฑุฉ ุฃู…ุงู…ู‡ู… ูู„ุง ูŠุชุตูˆุฑ ุนุฏู… ุฎูˆู ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุฌู…ูŠุนุงุŒ ููŠุชุญุชู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุณููˆุฑ ุฃู…ุงู…ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ยป.

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  31. ุงู„ุฐุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ุงู†ูŠุฉ 1/ู‚90/ุฃ (ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ุจุชูˆู†ุณ) ูˆ1/ู‚122/ุฃ (ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฏูŠุฉ ุจุญู„ุจ)ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆ ููŠ ยซุงู„ุฃุตู„ยป: ยซุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑู…ุฉ ุชุฑุฎูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุจุฎุฑู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฌุงููŠ ุนู† ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุงยป ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉุ› ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ู„ุฃุฌู„ ู†ุณูƒุŒ ู„ูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุฅู„ุง ู„ู…ุง ุฃู…ุฑุช ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฑุฎุงุกยป.ูˆู…ุซู„ู‡ ููŠ ู…ู†ุญุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ 2/381 (ุท.ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ 2/622).

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  32. ุชุฃูˆูŠู„ุงุช ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ 4/136 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซูˆููŠ ุงู„ุขูŠุฉ ุฏู„ุงู„ุฉ ุฑุฎุตุฉ ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุฆุฑ ู„ู„ุญูˆุงุฆุฌุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠุฌุฑ ู„ู‡ู† ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู„ู… ูŠุคู…ุฑู† ุจุฅุฑุฎุงุก ุงู„ุฌู„ุจุงุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู†ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู†ู‡ุงู‡ู† ุนู† ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุจุบูŠุฑ ุฌู„ุจุงุจ ูุฏู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ู„ู‡ู† ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู„ู„ุญุงุฌุฉุ› ูˆุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃุนู„ู…ยป.

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  33. ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชู‚ู‰ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุฑ 1 /81 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชู‚ู‰ ุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ุนู† ูƒุดู ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ุฆู„ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ ูˆููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุน ูˆุงุฌุจ ุจู„ ูุฑุถ ู„ุบู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ยป. ูˆููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุงุฆุจ ู‚215/ุจ:ยซุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ูƒุดู ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุฌุงุก ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชู‚ู‰ยป.

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  34. ุฃุญูƒุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ู„ู„ุฌุตุงุต 5/245 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซู‚ุงู„ ุฃุจูˆ ุจูƒุฑ : ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขูŠุฉ ุฏู„ุงู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ู…ุฃู…ูˆุฑุฉ ุจุณุชุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠูŠู† ูˆุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ุณุชุฑ ูˆุงู„ุนูุงู ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู„ุฆู„ุง ูŠุทู…ุน ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจ ููŠู‡ู†ยป .

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  35. ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุนุงุชู‡ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ุงู†ูŠ 3/ 499 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซุฐูƒุฑ ููŠ ยซูˆุงู‚ุนุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุทููŠยป ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑู…ุฉ ุชุฑุฎูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุฎุฑู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฌุงููŠ ุนู† ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฏู„ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉุ› ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ู„ุญู‚ ู†ุณูƒุŒ ู„ูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุฅู„ุง ู„ู…ุง ุชุคู…ุฑ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฑุฎุงุกยป.

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  36. ูุชุงูˆู‰ ู‚ุงุถูŠุฎุงู† 1/286ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆุฅู† ุฃุฑุฎุช ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุชุฌุงููŠ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุจุฃุณ ุจู‡ ูุฏู„ุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชูƒุดู ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉยป.

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  37. ุงู„ุชุฌู†ูŠุณ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ 2/479 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑู…ุฉ ุชุฑุฎูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุฎุฑู‚ุฉ ูˆุชุฌุงููŠ ุนู† ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุงุŒ ุฏู„ุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ู„ุญู‚ ุงู„ู†ุณูƒ ู„ูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู„ุงุฑุฎุงุก ูุงุฆุฏุฉยป.

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  38. ุงู„ู…ุณุงู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณูƒ 1/356 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูƒุดูˆูุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ุŒ ูƒูŠู„ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉยป.

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  39. ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ุงู†ูŠ 3/ 499 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซุฐูƒุฑ ููŠ ยซูˆุงู‚ุนุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุทููŠยป ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑู…ุฉ ุชุฑุฎูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุฎุฑู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฌุงููŠ ุนู† ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฏู„ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉุ› ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ู„ุญู‚ ู†ุณูƒุŒ ู„ูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุฅู„ุง ู„ู…ุง ุชุคู…ุฑ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฑุฎุงุกยป.

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  40. ู†ุตุงุจ ุงู„ุงุญุชุณุงุจ ุต132ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ: ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ ุชู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ูƒุดู ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ูˆุงู„ูƒู ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฏู… ููŠู…ุง ูŠู‚ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฃู…ู† ุนู† ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุธุฑูŠู† ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงยป.

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  41. ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚ 1/713 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซู‚ุงู„ ุตุงุญุจ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ: ูˆุงุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุณุฏู„ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงยป.

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  42. ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚ 1/713 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ู‚ุงู„ ุตุงุญุจ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ: ูˆุงุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุณุฏู„ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ู„ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุงุช ู„ู„ู†ุงุทููŠ: ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑู…ุฉ ุชุฑุฎูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุฎุฑู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฌุงููŠ ุนู† ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฏู„ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉุ› ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ููŠ ู†ุณูƒุŒ ู„ูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู„ู…ุง ุฃู…ุฑุช ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฑุฎุงุกยป.

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  43. ูุชุญ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุฑ 2/405 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซูˆุฏู„ุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุจุฏุงุก ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ุจู„ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุฐุง ุฏู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู„ูŠู‡ยป.

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  44. ุฌุงู…ุน ุงู„ุฑู…ูˆุฒ 2/305 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ูู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉยปูˆ 1/415ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุณุฏู„ ูˆุงุฌุจยป.

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  45. ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆู‚ ุดุฑุญ ูƒู†ุฒ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ 1/284 (ุท.ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ 1/470): ยซู‚ุงู„ ู…ุดุงูŠุฎู†ุง ุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ูƒุดู ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ู„ู„ูุชู†ุฉ ยป.

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  46. ู‚ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆู† ููŠ ู…ู†ุงุณูƒ ุงู„ุญุฌ ู‚44/ุฃ ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซูˆูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุณุฏู„ ุดูŠุฆุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูˆุชุฌุงููŠู‡ ุนู† ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุงยป.

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  47. ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ุงู„ูุงุฆู‚ 2/ 98ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ุฏู„ุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชูƒุดู ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ุฃูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุญู„ ู„ู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒยป.

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  48. ู…ู†ุงุณูƒ ู…ู„ุง ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑูŠ ุต115ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ: ุฅู† ุณุฏู„ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฏู„ุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ูˆูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ุจู„ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ.ยป

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  49. ุญุงุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑู†ุจู„ุงู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฑ1/234ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆุฏู„ุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุจุฐุงู„ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ุจู„ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉยป.

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  50. ู…ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุฑ 1/81: ยซูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชู‚ู‰ ุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ุนู† ูƒุดู ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ุฆู„ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ ูˆููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุน ูˆุงุฌุจ ุจู„ ูุฑุถ ู„ุบู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ .ูˆุนู† ุนุงุฆุดุฉ ุฑุถูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ู‰ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุฌู…ูŠุน ุจุฏู† ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ ุนูˆุฑุฉ ุฅู„ุง ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุนูŠู†ูŠู‡ุง ูุญุณุจุŒ ู„ุงู†ุฏูุงุน ุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ยป.ูˆ 1/285: ยซููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุณุฏู„ ุฃูˆุฌุจ ูˆุฏู„ุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู„ุง ุชูƒุดู ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ยป.

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  51. ุญุงุดูŠุฉ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุญู„ูŠู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฑ 1/149ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซุฃู…ุง ุนู†ุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ู… ูˆู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุชู‡ู… ูู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุฌุจุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู† ูุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุญูŠู†ุฆุฐ ุนุถ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจยป.

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  52. ุงู„ุฏุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑ 6 /370 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูุญู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู…ู‚ูŠุฏ ุจุนุฏู… ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ูˆุฅู„ุง ูุญุฑุงู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ูู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ.ู‚ู‡ุณุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡.ยป ูˆ 1/ 406ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ (ูˆุชู…ู†ุน) ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ (ู…ู† ูƒุดู ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„) ู„ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนูˆุฑุฉ ุจู„ (ู„ุฎูˆู ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ) ูƒู…ุณู‡ ูˆุฅู† ุฃู…ู† ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉยป.

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  53. ุญุงุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทู‡ุทุงูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ูŠ 1/331 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ูˆู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ูƒุดูู‡ ู„ุฎูˆู ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ ู„ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุฃู†ุธุฑ ุญุงุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทู‡ุทุงูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฑ 1/191.

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  54. ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ 2/527-528 ูˆู†ุตู‡:ยซ ุตุฑุญ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุจ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท : ูˆุฏู„ุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ุจู„ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุชุบุทูŠุชู‡ ู„ุญู‚ ุงู„ู†ุณูƒ ู„ูˆู„ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูˆุฅู„ุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฑุฎุงุก ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ุง ู‡ู€ ูˆู†ุญูˆู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงู†ูŠุฉ.ูˆูู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุจู…ุง ุญุงุตู„ู‡ ุฃู† ู…ุญู…ู„ ุงู„ุงุณุชุญุจุงุจ ุนู†ุฏ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ.ูˆุฃู…ุง ุนู†ุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ู… ูุงู„ุฅุฑุฎุงุก ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู† ุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุนุฏู…ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ุบุถ ุงู„ุจุตุฑยป
    ูˆ1/ 406 ูˆู†ุตู‡( ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ูˆุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุฅู„ุฎ ) ุฃูŠ ุชู†ู‡ู‰ ุนู†ู‡ ูˆุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุนูˆุฑุฉ ( ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุจู„ ู„ุฎูˆู ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ ) ุฃูŠ ุงู„ูุฌูˆุฑ ุจู‡ุง ู‚ุงู…ูˆุณ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ .ูˆุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุชู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุดู ู„ุฎูˆู ุฃู† ูŠุฑู‰ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูุชู‚ุน ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุดู ู‚ุฏ ูŠู‚ุน ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุดู‡ูˆุฉ ยป.

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  55. ุฃู†ุธุฑ ุทูˆุงู„ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุฑ 1/ู‚527/ุฃ.

    [↩]

  56. ุฃู†ุธุฑ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ูุชุงูˆู‰ ุงู„ู„ูƒู†ูˆูŠ 2/155.

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  57. ุบู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณูƒ ููŠ ุจุบูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณูƒ ุต94 ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุงุฌุจ. ูˆุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ุฃู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุญุจุงุจ ุนู†ุฏ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ุนู†ุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ู… ูุงู„ุฅุฑุฎุงุก ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุนุฏู…ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฌุงู†ุจ ุนุถ ุงู„ุจุตุฑยป.

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  58. ุงู„ุฏุฑุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุญู„ุงูˆูŠ ุต50ูˆู†ุตู‡: ยซูˆุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุดุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ูƒุดู ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุงุŒ ู„ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุจู„ ู„ุฎูˆู ุงู„ูุชู†ุฉยป.

    [↩]


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27 Responses to The Niqab and its obligation in the Hanafi madhhab

  1. Hamood on April 28, 2009 at 2:16 pm

    Brilliant stuff.

    Reply
  2. dehlawi on April 29, 2009 at 4:13 am

    As-salaamu `alaikum,

    Interesting article. So does that mean hanafi women that don’t cover their faces are all sinful?

    Reply
  3. Zayn al-'Abidin on April 29, 2009 at 6:42 am

    As-salamu `alaykum dehlawi,

    Yes they would be sinful.

    Conclusion

    We can thus conclude that it is obligatory on a man to lower his gaze from the face of strange women under all circumstances, just as it is binding on a woman to cover her face in the presence of strange men.

    Reply
  4. True Life on April 29, 2009 at 7:17 am

    Asalamu ‘Alaykum Wa Rahmatullah

    What are good ways to encourage your mother and sisters (who already wear Hijab) to wear the Niqab as well – especially in the West?

    Reply
  5. Adeel bin Minhaj on April 29, 2009 at 5:20 pm

    As Salamu Alaykum everyone,

    True Life, definitely this is a tough task, and we should seek the help of Allah swt. We should try our best and use Hikmah to educate the women. There are also countless stories of Reverts that have worn a Niqab and told their stories for inspiration for all women. Those should be helpful along with the males of the home also adhering to the Sunnah and lowering their gaze and being pious individuals.

    Reply
  6. SunniWaqas on April 30, 2009 at 8:37 am

    Assalam u alaikum,

    Excellent article MashaAllah! The Hanafi position on the issue is crystal clear from this. Keep up the good work Mufti Husain Sahib!

    I seriously think there should be a well-researched article on this topic covering the other 3 Madhaahib as well especially the Maliki and Shafi’ee views.

    Wassalaam

    Reply
  7. tahawi on March 23, 2010 at 8:00 am

    Assalamu Alaikum

    Here is a good article detailing the Shafi’i position on niqab–its pretty much the same as the Hanafi position.

    Reply
  8. SunniWaqas on April 6, 2010 at 5:21 pm

    Walaikum Assalam,

    JazakAllahu Khairan for posting that. Alhamdulillah, I had read the article when it first came out and was glad to see that the “true” Shafi’ee position was the same as the Hanafi position.

    Reply
  9. SunniWaqas on May 22, 2010 at 12:41 pm

    Assalam u alaikum,

    Alhamdulillah, I’ve been able to find a brief but clear article written by Ustadh Abdus Shakoor Brooks (db) on the subject of the Niqab in the Maliki school. This article goes a long way in dispelling the notion that the Niqab is a “minority” opinion in their Madhhab:

    http://www.abdusshakurbrooks.com/letter-concerning-the-niqab-in-the-maliki-madhab/

    Slowly but surely, the Deobandi scholars’ stance on this issue (amongst others) is being shown to have been true in the first place. Alhamdulillah.

    Wassalaam

    Reply
  10. Abd on June 1, 2010 at 9:44 am

    There is a second article by Ustadh Abdus Shakur Brooks that provides the sources for that article posted article here:

    http://www.abdusshakurbrooks.com/sources-for-the-article-letter-concerning-the-niqab-in-the-maliki-madhab/

    Reply
  11. ahmed on June 1, 2010 at 3:33 pm

    mashallah..that is a fantastic article and it explains the rule crystal clear. i am really happy to see the effort put in this and may allah accept this work of deen and give us all the ability to do more for the deen..
    wassalam

    Reply
  12. Mi4real on June 7, 2010 at 2:28 pm

    As Salam Alikum

    Mashallah I loved the article, what I do have a contention with is how Shaykh Abdus Shakur Brooks approached the issue of the nikab in the Maliki madhab.

    In our madhab we have various opinion on this issue…and even our classical jurists from the earliest times could not come to a consensus on the issue of the niqab being fard/wajab.

    Even though I myself and the Shaykhs I study under are of the opinion that a niqab is wajab we also realize that our school is deeply divided over this issue.

    I feel that the respected Shaykh should have also shown the opinions of Ibn Nafi’ as-Sa’igh (207/823), Ibn al-Majishun (214/829)Ibn Maslama al-Qa’nabi (221/836)and Asbagh ibn al-Faraj ibn Sa’id (225/84) for a more well rounded view.

    And with Allah is all Success.

    Reply
  13. SunniWaqas on June 8, 2010 at 11:13 am

    Walaikum Assalam respected br. Mi4real,

    I think it would be a good idea to contact Ustadh Abdus Shakur Brooks (db) directly and get his opinion on what he thinks about your contention.

    I’m pretty sure he would already know about the references you posted and maybe there’s a good reason he didn’t mention any of them in his articles. Wallahu ‘Alam.

    JazakAllahu Khairan.

    Wassalaam

    Reply
  14. Abdus Shakur Brooks on June 8, 2010 at 4:26 pm

    Assalamu alaikum (Abdus Shakur Brooks)

    Some linked me to this page for a response to(Mi4real):

    “I feel that the respected Shaykh should have also shown the opinions of Ibn Nafiโ€™ as-Saโ€™igh (207/823), Ibn al-Majishun (214/829)Ibn Maslama al-Qaโ€™nabi (221/836)and Asbagh ibn al-Faraj ibn Saโ€™id (225/84) for a more well rounded view.”

    The scholars mentioned here are all from the second century, in which the school did not differ that the opinion of Imam Malik was that the aurah of a women was except her hands and face and so the scholars “deduced” from that that it was not obligatory to cover her face. Keep in mind in the earlier centuries the scholars focused more on women not coming out of their houses except under restricted necessity (which people today don’t even pay attention to). The point of mentioning the above scholars is pointless because their was no disagreement concerning what Imam Maliki considered aurah, and even if their was their opinion is irrelevant because the opinion of the Imam ( Malik) is sufficient.

    That is why I said at the outset of the article:

    “According to the mathab based on what is mentioned in al-Mudwwanah the aurah of a free woman in terms of Muslim male everything except her hands and face. Moreover, her hands both the inside and outside are included in that they are not awrah.”

    It was not until the 4th century when Qadi Abdul Wahhab Al-Maliki (who was a mujtahid in fatwa, those have the authorization to deduce rulings based on the usul of their Imam in matters that where not specifically recorded from Malik or his companions) introduced the ruling of covering the face “in times of fitnah”. The rule of covering the face “in times of fitnah” was never a raised question before Qadi Abdul Wahhab which is the similar case of the both the Shafi and Hanafi school.

    As clearly understood in the article I wrote those of lesser degree in rank (in regards to Al-Qadi)namely Qadi Iyaad differed insisting that it was not obligatory but rather obligatory for man to lower the gaze , also Ahmad Zarruq claimed that it was obligatory if she possessed beauty( that was his way of trying to combine the two opinions).

    Now anyone with any background in the books of fiqh will see that the latter scholars opted for the opinion of al-Qadi Addul Wahhab which I documented in my article.

    So just like the great works in which we depend on in Maliki fiqh(such as the commentaries of Mukhtasar Khalil and Rislah) did mention the opinions of the people you mention above, I found no need to make mention of them because they have no relevance here.

    I don’t know where and why there is an assumption that the school is “deeply divided on the issue” because that is not the case at all. If that were the case then let a person provide evidence from reliable works showing that there was a vast difference of opinion in regards to the obligation of women covering their faces duo to fitnah in front of a Muslims male, and in front of a non-Muslim(under all circumstances). This is matter in which I have researched in more than 20 works and still counting.

    The difference in the matter goes back to the three people mentioned and because Qadi Abdul Wahhab is one of the higher ranking scholars his opinion was opted for by the scholars and the matter is no more difficult than that.

    Furthermore,what I mentioned in the article is less than a quarter of the statements I have documented concerning the matter and I limited the article for the sake of being brief and to the point since adding more would simply be just repetitive because they all keep saying the same thing.

    I don’t believe that it is obligatory in times of fitnah and so because it is a “personal view” or something my Shakyh told me, but rather because it is the opinion that we find transmitted and relied upon by the scholars in the major works of fiqh repeatedly.

    At the end of the day when we want to establish and document what represents a school our claims mean nothing. The scholars of the mahdab have already spoken and our job is transmit.

    Hope that clears the matter.

    Reply
  15. Mi4real on June 8, 2010 at 8:06 pm

    As Salam Alikum

    I actually just wanted to apologize, if I had read the Shaykh’s blog carefully I would be realized that he presents the mu`tamid opinion of the Maliki madhab in all matters avoiding the mashur and other opinions.

    The blog is a treasure for English speaking folks who do not have access to the classical texts.

    May Allah Almighty continue to bless Ustadh Abdus Shakur, forgive him of his shortcomings and grant him a place in Jannah.

    Reply
  16. Abdus Shakur Brooks on June 9, 2010 at 2:18 am

    Assalamu alaikum

    (Mireal) Your statement ” I would be realized that he presents the mu`tamid opinion of the Maliki madhab in all matters avoiding the mashur and other opinions.”

    The Mu’tamid and Mashoor opinion are in the same boat. Why would you say “avoid the mashoor” opinion which is far from the case. I don’t avoid mashoor opinions at all. Anyone reading the site would see that.

    Reply
  17. Mi4real on June 10, 2010 at 8:16 pm

    Walakum As Salam Wa Rahmtullah

    Shaykh I was taught by my scholars that generally speaking, the mashhur of the Maliki madhhab is what Ibn al-Qasim narrates or what the major early authorities have agreed upon. The rajih is what the scholars of discernment have indicated is to be preferred and the mu`tamid is merely what is believed to have the strong evidence. Somtimes, mu`tamid and mashhur are used interchangeable. Sometimes, mu`tamid is used in opposition to it, depending on who is speaking. In regards to the latter, as one of my teachers told me, mu`tamid of often in the eye of the beholder. Beyond that, there is generally a hierachy when there is a conflict between the authorities, with preference being given to Qadi Abd al-Wahhab, Ibn Rushd and Al-Mazari.

    Also we know that some on our madhab prefer the view of the Egyptian mujtahids over those pf Medina; the Medinans over those of the Maghrib; and those of the Maghrib over the Iraqis of the companions of Malik.

    In many of their views they mu`tamid was very different from the mashur and I’d think it would be of benefit if one could present these two view points when giving a fatwa in our school.

    And Allah Knows Best.

    Reply
  18. Abdus Shakur Brooks on June 11, 2010 at 7:23 am

    I said they are “one in the same boat”. I never said “they are the same”. They are in the same boat because they are both sound opinions.

    Why would I go into mashoor and mu’tamid when giving a fatwa on an issue of fiqh? it does not make any sense.

    You keep saying “I learned from my Shaykhs” but what you need to do before making assertions is confirm what your Shaykhs say. I don’t quote my teachers I verify their references and quote the source which is what we are obligated to do.

    Everything you have mentioned in this post and the concerns you addressed, you have provided no sources amd no references at all.

    The original discussion is about covering the face in times of fitnah and the article I wrote covers the topic quoting and referencing what the scholars say and the history behind it. Furthermore, the scholars I quote and their works are relied and well known.

    So, there is no point in getting off topic especially when you have not provided any documentation of anything you have said.

    At the outset you said we should quote the opinion of Qa’nabi and Asbagh etc., my question to you is two:

    1.Provide a statement of these scholars talking about the opinion of covering the face during times of fitnah (The truth is that is not possible because they were already in they graves before the question was raised)

    2.Provide an opinion concerning this matter that I did not mention?.

    3. Where on my site do I avoid following the mashoor opinion?

    Since these are your claims, you are now responsible for providing the references. Other than that your concerns can not be taken seriously and the discussion should end here.

    May Allah bless you
    Wa salam

    Reply
  19. Maria on July 28, 2010 at 5:23 am

    Assalamualaikum

    original post by
    tahawi
    March 23, 2010 at 8:00 am
    Assalamu Alaikum
    Here is a good article detailing the Shafiโ€™i position on niqabโ€“its pretty much the same as the Hanafi position.

    I am sorry but the link is not working.

    Please check again on the link “Here”.

    JZK

    Reply
  20. SunniWaqas on July 28, 2010 at 6:57 pm

    Walaikum Assalam sr. Maria,

    The link has changed. Here is the new link for the article on the Shafi’ee position of the Niqab: http://www.seekingilm.com/archives/167

    JazakiAllahu Khairan.

    Reply
  21. Maria on July 28, 2010 at 10:24 pm

    I am sorry but I have tried to access to the new link provided by you and still it is not working.
    I do not why but there is a problem loading page. Could you please kindly look into this matter. Your help is highly appreciated.

    JZK

    Reply
  22. SunniWaqas on July 29, 2010 at 2:57 pm

    Assalam u alaikum sr. Maria,

    I just checked the link again. It works fine for me. Maybe you can try typing out the whole address in your browser? Which browser are you using? I tried it in Mozilla Firefox version 3.5.10

    The other thing you could do is:

    1) Go to http://www.seekingilm.com
    2) Type “The Shafi’i Stance on Women Covering the Face” in the Search field on the right side of the screen. Please make sure you type exactly what I typed here in the quotes.
    3) Go to the article by the same name and read it.

    Please post here if it still doesn’t work.

    Wassalaam

    Reply
  23. Maria on July 29, 2010 at 11:01 pm

    Assalamualaikum,

    I have tried all the 3 suggestions but to no avail. Do not know why..but I am also using the Mozilla Firefox. It still leads to problem loading page..

    JZK.

    Reply
  24. SunniWaqas on August 1, 2010 at 5:03 pm

    Walaikum Assalam sr. Maria,

    The entire article has been emailed to you. Please confirm if you have received it.

    Wassalaam

    Reply
  25. Maria on August 2, 2010 at 10:56 pm

    Assalamualaikum,

    Firstly, sorry for the late reply.

    Secondly, thank you very much for your effort. Just want to confirm that I have received the said article. Thank you again for all the trouble. May Allah reward you for your good effort.

    Wassalam.JZK.

    Reply
  26. SayfAlMujahid on September 29, 2010 at 4:24 pm

    As Salaamu Alaykum wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuh

    I have recently decided to do taqleed of Abu Hanifa(ra) so this work that we are commenting on is very beneficial. I have always been of the opinion based upon Shaykh Al-Albanee’s opinion that the niqab is mustahab but not fard. It is only fard if the sister feels her looks will cause fitnah. But I have always felt that wouldnt it be better to cover her face in the beginning to avoid the fitnah in the first place. Niqab or not, men still find ways of thinking with their other head…lol. After reading this, I am firmly stanced that niqab is wajib. May Allah be truly praised.

    Reply
  27. Ayub on December 1, 2011 at 10:41 pm

    As-Salam-Alaikum,

    What about during hajj?

    Reply

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